This dataset is based on field-based litter sampling surveys conducted in the typical steppe of the Mongolian Plateau in October 2023 and August 2024. The data include samples collected from fixed herder pastures in Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, China, as well as sampling sites in Sukhbaatar Province, Mongolia. The dataset provides the spatial locations of litter sampling points and associated observational indicators, with clear spatial and temporal attributes, and is suitable for analysis of grassland litter characteristics, assessment of grazing management effects, and evaluation of ecological impacts.